Electroencephalogram (EEG)

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a non-invasive diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of the brain. It is an essential tool in neurology, used to diagnose and monitor various neurological conditions, particularly those that affect brain function.

What is an Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

An EEG records the electrical impulses produced by brain cells (neurons) through small electrodes placed on the scalp. These impulses are displayed as wave patterns on a computer screen or paper, allowing healthcare professionals to analyse the brain’s electrical activity.

An EEG is painless and safe, and it provides valuable information about the functional state of the brain.

How is an EEG Performed?

The EEG procedure is straightforward and typically takes 30-minutes to an hour, although longer recordings may be required in some cases. The steps involved include:

Preparation: The patient is asked to avoid caffeine and to wash their hair before the procedure, as this helps ensure good electrode contact with the scalp. No specific fasting or medication adjustments are usually required, but the patient should inform the technician of any medications they are taking.
Electrode Placement: The technician attaches around 20 small metal discs (electrodes) to the scalp using a special adhesive or a cap fitted with electrodes. The electrodes are connected to an EEG machine by wires. A small amount of gel is applied to the scalp to improve the quality of the recording.
Recording: The patient is asked to sit or lie down in a comfortable position and to relax. They may be asked to perform certain tasks during the recording, such as opening and closing their eyes, taking deep breaths, or looking at flashing lights. These activities can help provoke brain activity that may not be evident during rest.
Monitoring: The EEG machine records the brain’s electrical activity, displaying it as a series of wavy lines on a monitor. Any abnormalities in these patterns can indicate issues with brain function.
Completion: After the recording is complete, the electrodes are removed, and the patient can return to their normal activities. The results are analysed by a neurologist, who will interpret the wave patterns and identify any abnormalities.

Conditions Assessed with EEG

EEG is used to diagnose and monitor a variety of neurological conditions, particularly those that involve abnormal brain activity. Some of the primary conditions include:

Epilepsy

Overview:

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures, which are caused by sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. EEG is the primary tool for diagnosing epilepsy, as it can detect abnormal electrical patterns associated with seizures.

Symptoms:

Seizures, which can range from brief lapses in awareness (absence seizures) to full-body convulsions (tonic-clonic seizures)
Temporary confusion or altered consciousness
Uncontrolled jerking movements of the arms and legs
Sudden staring spells or brief episodes of unresponsiveness
Sensory disturbances, such as tingling, hallucinations, or unusual tastes or smells

Treatment Options:

Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AEDs): Medications such as sodium valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam are used to control seizures.
Surgery: In cases where medication is ineffective, surgery may be an option to remove the area of the brain where seizures originate.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) and Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS): Devices that help control seizures in drug-resistant epilepsy.
Dietary Therapy: The ketogenic diet may be effective in reducing seizures in some individuals, particularly children.

Encephalopathy

Overview:

Encephalopathy refers to a broad category of brain disorders that affect brain function and structure. EEG can help diagnose the underlying cause of encephalopathy and assess the severity of the condition. It is often used in cases of altered mental status, confusion, or unexplained neurological symptoms.

Symptoms:

Confusion and disorientation
Memory problems
Difficulty speaking or understanding language
Changes in personality or behaviour
Drowsiness or lethargy
Seizures (in severe cases)

Treatment Options:

Treating the Underlying Cause: This may include antibiotics for infections, removing toxins, or managing metabolic imbalances.
Supportive Care: Ensuring proper hydration, nutrition, and oxygenation.
Medications: Anticonvulsants for seizure control and medications to manage symptoms such as agitation or anxiety.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of various neurological conditions.

It provides crucial insights into brain function, helping clinicians diagnose conditions like epilepsy, encephalopathy, and a number of other disorders. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms suggestive of a neurological issue, such as seizures, altered mental states, or unexplained behavioural changes, it is important to seek medical advice.
A neurologist can determine whether an EEG is necessary and develop a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to the individual’s needs.

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